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Palatinate campaign
The Palatinate Campaign, or the Spanish conquest of the Palatinate,〔Spielvogel p.447〕 were a series of sieges, battles and conquests of the Palatinate Phase of the Thirty Years' War, that were carried out by Spain's Tercios of the Army of Flanders, under Don Ambrosio Spinola, and the Spanish-Imperial troops under Johan Tzerclaes, Count of Tilly and Don Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba.〔〔 The Spanish troops took advantage of Frederick's predicament by invading the German Protestant Palatinate in 1620 and conquering it by the end of 1622.〔
==Spanish-Imperial conquest of the Palatinate==
The Thirty Years' War began in 1618 with the Bohemian Revolt, when the authorities of this kingdom offered their throne to the Protestant Frederick V of the Palatinate, who accepted, initiating a conflict between the Protestant Union led by Frederick and the House of Habsburg.〔Guthrie p.57〕 Two years after the outbreak of the war the situation had apparently stalled, but in reality the Habsburgs through diplomatic maneuvers, were able to politically isolate Frederick, between whose hits highlighted Spain's entry into the conflict.〔
In August, 1620, Spinola and 25,000 soldiers from the Army of Flanders began their march from Brussels, and in early September they entered the Lower Palatinate, taking Kreuznach, Oppenheim, and the Bergstrasse district, and on 1 October Bacharach.〔 Tilly and the army of the "League", along with the other Spanish army under Córdoba soon followed, after joining at Wimpfen. It was not until late 1622, that both Heidelberg and Mannheim, the two leading cities in the Lower Palatinate, fell to the Spanish-imperial army.〔〔Polišenský/Snider p.90〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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